Metonymy Definition

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated

• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)

t is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. 

• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)
• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.)

What it is

• Brown (1989) explains that intensive reading "calls attention to grammatical forms, discourse markers, and other surface structure details for the purpose of understanding literal meaning, implications, rhetorical relationships, 

What it is

• Brown (1989) explains that extensive reading is carried out "to achieve a general understanding of a text."

·         Tests, indeed, serve as one of the assessment methods for collecting information about student learning. However, not all tests should be counted as assessment. The purpose of most tests is to assign grades to students. They offer limited diagnostic information to identify areas for improvement.

·         To achieve the ultimate purpose of assessment - to improve student learning - we need to answer not only questions on how much students have learned, but also questions on how they learned and why certain results occurred. This information is obtained through techniques other than tests, including observations, surveys, interviews, 

Guided Reading

Teachers scaffold students' reading to teach reading strategies (Fountas & Pinnell, 1996, 2001).  Guided reading is conducted with small groups of students who read at the same level.

Shared Reading

Students follow along as the teacher reads a selection aloud (Fisher & Medvic, 2000).  Primary-grade teachers often use big books-enlarged versions of the selection-for shared reading (Holdaway, 1979).

a thing tacitly assumed beforehand at the beginning of a line of argument or course of action.

resupposition can also be seen as a relation between propositions, although many linguists (including George Yule) prefer to see presupposition as strictly pragmatic, and a relation between a speaker and a propositio